What Is Inbreeding Definition and Genetic Effects

Inbreeding is the process of mating genetically similar organisms. In humans, its associated with consanguinity and incest, in which close relatives have sexual relationships and children. Inbreeding violates modern social norms, but is fairly common in animals and plants. While inbreeding generally is considered negative, it also offers some positive effects. Key Takeaways Inbreeding occurs when two closely related organisms mate with each other and produce offspring.The two main negative consequences of inbreeding are an increased risk of undesirable genes and a reduction in genetic diversity.The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. Genetic Effects of Inbreeding When two closely related organisms  mate, their offspring have a higher level of homozygosity: in other words, an increased chance that the offspring will receive identical alleles  from their mother and father. In contrast, heterozygosity occurs when the offspring receives different alleles.  Dominant traits are expressed when only one copy of an allele is present, while recessive traits require two copies of an allele to be expressed. Homozygosity increases with subsequent generations, so recessive traits that might otherwise be masked may start appearing as a result of repeated inbreeding. One negative consequence of inbreeding is that it makes the expression of undesired recessive traits more likely. However, the risk of manifesting a genetic disease, for example, isnt very high unless inbreeding continues for multiple generations. The other negative effect of inbreeding is reduction genetic diversity. Diversity helps organisms survive changes in the environment and adapt over time. Inbred organisms may suffer from what is called reduced biological fitness. Scientists have also identified potential positive consequences of inbreeding. Selective breeding of animals has led to new breeds of domestic animals, genetically suited to specific tasks. It can be used to preserve certain traits which might be lost from out-crossing. The positive consequences of inbreeding are less well studied in humans, but in  a study of Icelandic couples, scientists found that marriages between third cousins resulted in a greater number of children, on average, than those between completely unrelated couples. Disorders From Inbreeding The risk of a child developing an autosomal recessive disorder increases with inbreeding. Carriers of a recessive disorder may be unaware they possess a mutated gene because two copies of a recessive allele are needed for gene expression. On the other hand, autosomal dominant disorders are seen in the parents, but might be eliminated through inbreeding if the parents carry the normal gene. Examples of defects seen with inbreeding include: Reduced fertilityReduced birth rateHigher infant and child mortalitySmaller adult sizeReduced immune functionIncreased risk of cardiovascular diseaseIncreased facial asymmetryIncreased risk of genetic disorders Examples of specific genetic disorders associated with inbreeding include schizophrenia, limb malformation, blindness, congenital heart disease, and neonatal diabetes. The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. The Spanish Habsburg dynasty endured for six centuries, largely from consanguinous marriages. The last ruler of the line, Charles II of Spain, displayed a number of physical problems and was unable to produce an heir. Experts believe inbreeding lead to the extinction of the royal line. Animal Inbreeding Successive inbreeding of animals has been used to establish pure lines  for scientific research. Experiments conducted on these subjects are valuable because genetic variation cant skew the results. In domestic animals, inbreeding often results in a trade-off where a desirable trait is magnified at the expense of another. For example, inbreeding Holstein dairy cattle has led  to increased milk production, but the cows are more difficult to breed. Many wild animals naturally avoid inbreeding, but there are exceptions. For example, banded mongoose females often mate with male siblings or their father. Female fruit flies prefer to mate with their brothers. The male Adactylidium mite always mates with its daughters. In some species, the advantages of inbreeding may outweigh the risks. Sources Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (1999). An introduction to genetic analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 726–727. ISBN 0-7167-3771-X.Lieberman D, Tooby J, Cosmides L (April 2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 270 (1517): 819–26. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2290.  Thornhill NW (1993). The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79854-2.

Organizational Communication Is The Flow Of Messages...

Organizational communication is the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships (Goldhaber, 1976). Terry, Drexler, and Faulkner wrote an article researching communication of family businesses. Research shows that there are fewer problems with family employee in comparison to non-family employees of the same firms (Terry, Drexler, Faulkner, 1997). Yet when there problems with a family member employee, it comes from mixing their roles work-related roles with family related roles and cannot separate their conflicts in professional and personal life (Terry, Drexler, Faulkner, 1997). Many of the characters are involved professionally in their careers. Organizational communication is heavily concentrated on people, their attitudes, feelings, relationships, and skills (Goldhaber, 1976). Modern Family shows that the present-day family is able to work together both professionally and personally without harming their relationships. Socialization Theory Socialization Theory explains that an organization is trying to influence the adaptation of individuals through formal and informal socialization processes. There are three main phases in this process; anticipatory socialization, encounter, metamorphosis. Organizations have role-related and organizational culture information that obtained through many information seeking tactics like observing, asking third parties, and testing limits (Miller, 2006). In the episode â€Å"First Days†, Claire starts working atShow MoreRelatedCoordination Communication Within Health Care Organization3187 Words   |  13 PagesCoordination And Communication Within Health Care Organization Health Care Organization is unique and complex entity consisting of groups of specialized people with specific purpose in the set of rules, policies, procedures, relationships and culture. 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In the first part, the report analyses the important problematic issues within these areas taking into account, policies procedures that are currently being followed in the company, the feelings of the employees towards their jobs work environment as well asRead MoreMarketing Communication Plan3894 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ Project Outline 1: Situation Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.1: Marketing Communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.2: Role of Marketing Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 1.3: The communication Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 1.4: 4C Framework Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 2: Communication Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 2.1: Target Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 2.2: Communication Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 2.3. Advantages of each Element †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 2.4: SaleRead MoreOutline Some of the Causes of Poor Communications and How These Can Be Resolved8843 Words   |  36 PagesDescribe the nature and the process of communication within organisations in general.. History of Organizational Communication (This entire page contains gender bias language, i.e. he, him, his, etc. Please edit) The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational communication as a discipline consisted of a few professors within speech departments who had a particular

Ku Klux Klans Effect on America free essay sample

The first Klan had first started around the year of 1860s. The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan rose about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada. The name of the Ku Klux Klan is â€Å"derived from the Grrek word kyklos, meaning circle† (Wikimedia Foundation). ‘Klan was added for the purpose of alliteration† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920’s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with cone shaped hats that covered their faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Ku Klux Klans Effect on America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrifying, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith). The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didnt stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South. This may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the times of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, funds acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. â€Å"This income made the Klan’s many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and public events and protests. They also did community service projects such as ‘adopt a highway’ programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities† (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their power to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in robes symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the initial founding until around 1870, â€Å"when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). At this time, blacks were the only targets of the KKK, for the most part.

The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive Essay Example

The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive Paper The London Dungeon Fill the gaps with the correct tenses. 1. The London Dungeon (lie) __________ in the oldest part of London in an old subterranean prison (thats what the word Dungeon (stand) __________ for). 2. The museum (take) __________ its visitors on a journey through Englands bloody history. 3. It (demonstrate) __________ the brutal killings and tortures of the past. 4. You (experience / can) __________ for example how people (die) __________ on the Gallow or during the Plague of 1665. 5. The Dungeon also (show) __________ scenes of Jack the Ripper or the beheading of Anne Boleyn, who (be) __________ one of Henry VIII’s six wives. . The atmosphere at the Dungeon (be) __________ really scary nothing for the faint-hearted. 7. While you (walk) __________ around the Dungeon, watch out for creepy creatures the Dungeon (employ) __________ actors to give its visitors the fright of their lives. 8. The actors, dressed as monsters, ghosts or executers, (hide) __________ in th e dark corners of the Dungeon and then suddenly (jump) __________ out and (grab) __________ one of the visitors. 9. And the horror (end / not) __________ at the exit of the exhibition. 10. (you / eat / ever) __________ a pizza with fingers and eyeballs on it? 1. Well, if you (fancy) __________ that kind of food, you (love) __________ the meals at the Dungeon restaurant. 12. The museum (want) __________ to provoke, shock, educate and delight. 13. And this it (do) __________ extremely well. 14. Since its opening in 1975, the Dungeon (attract) __________ many visitors from all over the world. 15. Besides the regular opening hours, the Dungeon sometimes also (open) __________ at night. 16. If you (have) __________ enough money and nerves of steel, you (book / can) __________ the Dungeon for parties, conferences or charity events at night. 17. And on 31 October, a frightfully good Halloween Party (take place) __________ at the Dungeon every year. Hadrians Wall Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice). 1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) ___________ his provinces in Britain. 2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) ___________ him that Pictish tribes from Britains north (attack) ___________ them. 3. So Hadrian (give) ___________ the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. 4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) ___________ in 128. . It (be) ___________ 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high. 6. The Wall (guard) ___________ by 15,000 Roman soldiers. 7. Every 8 kilometres there (be) ___________ a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers (find) ___________ shelter. 8. The soldiers (watch) ___________ over the frontier to the north and (check) ___________ the people who (want) ___________ to enter or leave Roman Britain. 9. In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) ___________ to one of the small forts that (serve) ___________ as gateways. 10. We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those forts (call) ___________ milecastles because the distance from one fort to another (be) ___________ one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres). 11. Between the milecastles there (be) ___________ two turrets from which the soldiers (guard) ___________ the Wall. 12. If the Wall (attack) ___________ by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run) ___________ to the nearest milecastle for help or (light) ___________ a fire that (can / see) ___________ by the soldiers in the milecastle. 13. In 383 Hadrians Wall (abandon) ___________ . 14. Today Hadrians Wall (be) ___________ the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. 15. In 1987, it (become) ___________ a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 1. The London Dungeon lies in the oldest part of London in an old subterranean prison (thats what the word Dungeon stands for). 2. The museum takes its visitors on a journey through Englands bloody history. 3. It demonstrates the brutal killings and tortures of the past. 4. You can experience for example how people died on the Gallow or during the Plague of 1665. 5. The Dungeon also shows scenes of Jack the Ripper or the beheading of Anne Boleyn, who was one of Henry VIII’s six wives. 6. The atmosphere at the Dungeon is really scary nothing for the faint-hearted. . While you are walking around the Dungeon, watch out for creepy creatures the Dungeon employs actors to give its visitors the fright of their lives. 8. The actors, dressed as monsters, ghosts or executers, hide in the dark corners of the Dungeon and then suddenly jump out and grab one of the visitors. 9. And the horror doesnt end at the exit of the exh ibition. 10. Have you ever eaten a pizza with fingers and eyeballs on it? 11. Well, if you fancy that kind of food, you will love the meals at the Dungeon restaurant. 12. The museum wants to provoke, shock, educate and delight. 13. And this it does extremely well. 4. Since its opening in 1975, the Dungeon has attracted many visitors from all over the world. 15. Besides the regular opening hours, the Dungeon sometimes also opens at night. 16. If you have enough money and nerves of steel, you can book the Dungeon for parties, conferences or charity events at night. 17. And on 31 October, a frightfully good Halloween Party takes place at the Dungeon every year. 1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian visited his provinces in Britain. 2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers told him that Pictish tribes from Britains north had attacked them. . So Hadrian gave the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. 4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wal l was finished in 128. 5. It was 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high. 6. The Wall was guarded by 15,000 Roman soldiers. 7. Every 8 kilometres there was a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers found shelter. 8. The soldiers watched over the frontier to the north and checked the people who wanted to enter or leave Roman Britain. 9. In order to pass through the Wall, people had to go to one of the small forts that served as gateways. 0. Those forts were called milecastles because the distance from one fort to another was one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres). 11. Between the milecastles there were two turrets from which the soldiers guarded the Wall. 12. If the Wall was attacked by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets ran to the nearest milecastle for help or lit a fire that could be seen by the soldiers in the milecastle. 13. In 383 Hadrians Wall was abandoned . 14. Today Hadrians Wall is the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. 15. In 1987, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.