What Is Inbreeding Definition and Genetic Effects

Inbreeding is the process of mating genetically similar organisms. In humans, its associated with consanguinity and incest, in which close relatives have sexual relationships and children. Inbreeding violates modern social norms, but is fairly common in animals and plants. While inbreeding generally is considered negative, it also offers some positive effects. Key Takeaways Inbreeding occurs when two closely related organisms mate with each other and produce offspring.The two main negative consequences of inbreeding are an increased risk of undesirable genes and a reduction in genetic diversity.The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. Genetic Effects of Inbreeding When two closely related organisms  mate, their offspring have a higher level of homozygosity: in other words, an increased chance that the offspring will receive identical alleles  from their mother and father. In contrast, heterozygosity occurs when the offspring receives different alleles.  Dominant traits are expressed when only one copy of an allele is present, while recessive traits require two copies of an allele to be expressed. Homozygosity increases with subsequent generations, so recessive traits that might otherwise be masked may start appearing as a result of repeated inbreeding. One negative consequence of inbreeding is that it makes the expression of undesired recessive traits more likely. However, the risk of manifesting a genetic disease, for example, isnt very high unless inbreeding continues for multiple generations. The other negative effect of inbreeding is reduction genetic diversity. Diversity helps organisms survive changes in the environment and adapt over time. Inbred organisms may suffer from what is called reduced biological fitness. Scientists have also identified potential positive consequences of inbreeding. Selective breeding of animals has led to new breeds of domestic animals, genetically suited to specific tasks. It can be used to preserve certain traits which might be lost from out-crossing. The positive consequences of inbreeding are less well studied in humans, but in  a study of Icelandic couples, scientists found that marriages between third cousins resulted in a greater number of children, on average, than those between completely unrelated couples. Disorders From Inbreeding The risk of a child developing an autosomal recessive disorder increases with inbreeding. Carriers of a recessive disorder may be unaware they possess a mutated gene because two copies of a recessive allele are needed for gene expression. On the other hand, autosomal dominant disorders are seen in the parents, but might be eliminated through inbreeding if the parents carry the normal gene. Examples of defects seen with inbreeding include: Reduced fertilityReduced birth rateHigher infant and child mortalitySmaller adult sizeReduced immune functionIncreased risk of cardiovascular diseaseIncreased facial asymmetryIncreased risk of genetic disorders Examples of specific genetic disorders associated with inbreeding include schizophrenia, limb malformation, blindness, congenital heart disease, and neonatal diabetes. The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. The Spanish Habsburg dynasty endured for six centuries, largely from consanguinous marriages. The last ruler of the line, Charles II of Spain, displayed a number of physical problems and was unable to produce an heir. Experts believe inbreeding lead to the extinction of the royal line. Animal Inbreeding Successive inbreeding of animals has been used to establish pure lines  for scientific research. Experiments conducted on these subjects are valuable because genetic variation cant skew the results. In domestic animals, inbreeding often results in a trade-off where a desirable trait is magnified at the expense of another. For example, inbreeding Holstein dairy cattle has led  to increased milk production, but the cows are more difficult to breed. Many wild animals naturally avoid inbreeding, but there are exceptions. For example, banded mongoose females often mate with male siblings or their father. Female fruit flies prefer to mate with their brothers. The male Adactylidium mite always mates with its daughters. In some species, the advantages of inbreeding may outweigh the risks. Sources Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (1999). An introduction to genetic analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 726–727. ISBN 0-7167-3771-X.Lieberman D, Tooby J, Cosmides L (April 2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 270 (1517): 819–26. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2290.  Thornhill NW (1993). The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79854-2.

Organizational Communication Is The Flow Of Messages...

Organizational communication is the flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships (Goldhaber, 1976). Terry, Drexler, and Faulkner wrote an article researching communication of family businesses. Research shows that there are fewer problems with family employee in comparison to non-family employees of the same firms (Terry, Drexler, Faulkner, 1997). Yet when there problems with a family member employee, it comes from mixing their roles work-related roles with family related roles and cannot separate their conflicts in professional and personal life (Terry, Drexler, Faulkner, 1997). Many of the characters are involved professionally in their careers. Organizational communication is heavily concentrated on people, their attitudes, feelings, relationships, and skills (Goldhaber, 1976). Modern Family shows that the present-day family is able to work together both professionally and personally without harming their relationships. Socialization Theory Socialization Theory explains that an organization is trying to influence the adaptation of individuals through formal and informal socialization processes. There are three main phases in this process; anticipatory socialization, encounter, metamorphosis. Organizations have role-related and organizational culture information that obtained through many information seeking tactics like observing, asking third parties, and testing limits (Miller, 2006). In the episode â€Å"First Days†, Claire starts working atShow MoreRelatedCoordination Communication Within Health Care Organization3187 Words   |  13 PagesCoordination And Communication Within Health Care Organization Health Care Organization is unique and complex entity consisting of groups of specialized people with specific purpose in the set of rules, policies, procedures, relationships and culture. 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In the first part, the report analyses the important problematic issues within these areas taking into account, policies procedures that are currently being followed in the company, the feelings of the employees towards their jobs work environment as well asRead MoreMarketing Communication Plan3894 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿ Project Outline 1: Situation Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.1: Marketing Communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 1.2: Role of Marketing Communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 1.3: The communication Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 1.4: 4C Framework Model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 2: Communication Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 2.1: Target Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 2.2: Communication Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 2.3. Advantages of each Element †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 2.4: SaleRead MoreOutline Some of the Causes of Poor Communications and How These Can Be Resolved8843 Words   |  36 PagesDescribe the nature and the process of communication within organisations in general.. History of Organizational Communication (This entire page contains gender bias language, i.e. he, him, his, etc. Please edit) The field traces its lineage through business information, business communication, and early mass communication studies published in the 1930s through the 1950s. Until then, organizational communication as a discipline consisted of a few professors within speech departments who had a particular

Ku Klux Klans Effect on America free essay sample

The first Klan had first started around the year of 1860s. The first klan had lead up to the effects of the 1920s. The KKK had a tumultious start, and it had a major effect on America in the 1920s. The first klan began in Tennessee, by six Confederate Army Officers, in the winter of 1865. Ku klux Klan rose about four million and spread from the South into the Midwest region and Northern states and even into Canada. The name of the Ku Klux Klan is â€Å"derived from the Grrek word kyklos, meaning circle† (Wikimedia Foundation). ‘Klan was added for the purpose of alliteration† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The infamous burning-cross icon became a symbol of the KKK in the 1920’s, which was one of many tactics used for intimidation. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of Klan members were the white robes they wore along with cone shaped hats that covered their faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Ku Klux Klans Effect on America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These costumes accomplished their goal of making them look more outlandish and terrifying, and for the intimidation of their victims (Smith). The Klan was pretty selective in accepting members, only WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) could become members. These members possessed the ideology of white supremacy to all other races and ethnic divisions, similar to the concept of Neo-Nazism, however they claim to have based their beliefs on Christian values and nativism. It is often thought that the KKK only hated African-Americans, but many other groups acquired hatred from the Klan, such as Jews, Catholics , homosexuals and various immigrant groups. Anti-Defamination League). Even though the stock started to gain their stocks and shares didnt stop the Great Depression from happening (Kelly). Many people wonder why any group of people would posses such a hatred Dubbs 3 for certain groups of people. While there is no legitimate justification, one factor contributing to their hate was the rapid economic progression in the North, and the stagnant economy of the South. This may have been what angered the white southerners so much that they put blame onto the black population, along with leftover racial disputes from the times of slavery (Trueman). People of today also wonder how society could permit such destruction of life, and also support it. Back then, the Klan had many sources of income including membership fees, funds acquired from various events and sales of Klan propaganda, as well as free will donations. â€Å"This income made the Klan’s many forms of media and strategy possible, such as mass mailings, pamphlets and public events and protests. They also did community service projects such as ‘adopt a highway’ programs to make themselves look good in the eyes of their communities† (Anti-Defamanation League). The members of the Ku Klux Klan did everything in their power to prevent the black community from exercising their newly acquired rights, which was often done during massive events. During a typical KKK event, they dressed in robes symbolizing their rank, then went on nighttime raids, during which they would whip and murder blacks and any of their supporters (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). These events, unfortunately, were extremely effective. This lack of a political presence is what allowed the Klan to exist for such a long period of time. KKK existed from the initial founding until around 1870, â€Å"when congress passed the KKK act which allowed authorities to end such activities by force and penalize anyone who affiliated with terrorist organizations† (â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). At this time, blacks were the only targets of the KKK, for the most part.

The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive Essay Example

The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive Paper The London Dungeon Fill the gaps with the correct tenses. 1. The London Dungeon (lie) __________ in the oldest part of London in an old subterranean prison (thats what the word Dungeon (stand) __________ for). 2. The museum (take) __________ its visitors on a journey through Englands bloody history. 3. It (demonstrate) __________ the brutal killings and tortures of the past. 4. You (experience / can) __________ for example how people (die) __________ on the Gallow or during the Plague of 1665. 5. The Dungeon also (show) __________ scenes of Jack the Ripper or the beheading of Anne Boleyn, who (be) __________ one of Henry VIII’s six wives. . The atmosphere at the Dungeon (be) __________ really scary nothing for the faint-hearted. 7. While you (walk) __________ around the Dungeon, watch out for creepy creatures the Dungeon (employ) __________ actors to give its visitors the fright of their lives. 8. The actors, dressed as monsters, ghosts or executers, (hide) __________ in th e dark corners of the Dungeon and then suddenly (jump) __________ out and (grab) __________ one of the visitors. 9. And the horror (end / not) __________ at the exit of the exhibition. 10. (you / eat / ever) __________ a pizza with fingers and eyeballs on it? 1. Well, if you (fancy) __________ that kind of food, you (love) __________ the meals at the Dungeon restaurant. 12. The museum (want) __________ to provoke, shock, educate and delight. 13. And this it (do) __________ extremely well. 14. Since its opening in 1975, the Dungeon (attract) __________ many visitors from all over the world. 15. Besides the regular opening hours, the Dungeon sometimes also (open) __________ at night. 16. If you (have) __________ enough money and nerves of steel, you (book / can) __________ the Dungeon for parties, conferences or charity events at night. 17. And on 31 October, a frightfully good Halloween Party (take place) __________ at the Dungeon every year. Hadrians Wall Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice). 1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) ___________ his provinces in Britain. 2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) ___________ him that Pictish tribes from Britains north (attack) ___________ them. 3. So Hadrian (give) ___________ the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. 4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) ___________ in 128. . It (be) ___________ 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high. 6. The Wall (guard) ___________ by 15,000 Roman soldiers. 7. Every 8 kilometres there (be) ___________ a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers (find) ___________ shelter. 8. The soldiers (watch) ___________ over the frontier to the north and (check) ___________ the people who (want) ___________ to enter or leave Roman Britain. 9. In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) ___________ to one of the small forts that (serve) ___________ as gateways. 10. We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The London Dungeon, Hadrians Wall Mix Tenses, Active X Passive specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those forts (call) ___________ milecastles because the distance from one fort to another (be) ___________ one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres). 11. Between the milecastles there (be) ___________ two turrets from which the soldiers (guard) ___________ the Wall. 12. If the Wall (attack) ___________ by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run) ___________ to the nearest milecastle for help or (light) ___________ a fire that (can / see) ___________ by the soldiers in the milecastle. 13. In 383 Hadrians Wall (abandon) ___________ . 14. Today Hadrians Wall (be) ___________ the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. 15. In 1987, it (become) ___________ a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 1. The London Dungeon lies in the oldest part of London in an old subterranean prison (thats what the word Dungeon stands for). 2. The museum takes its visitors on a journey through Englands bloody history. 3. It demonstrates the brutal killings and tortures of the past. 4. You can experience for example how people died on the Gallow or during the Plague of 1665. 5. The Dungeon also shows scenes of Jack the Ripper or the beheading of Anne Boleyn, who was one of Henry VIII’s six wives. 6. The atmosphere at the Dungeon is really scary nothing for the faint-hearted. . While you are walking around the Dungeon, watch out for creepy creatures the Dungeon employs actors to give its visitors the fright of their lives. 8. The actors, dressed as monsters, ghosts or executers, hide in the dark corners of the Dungeon and then suddenly jump out and grab one of the visitors. 9. And the horror doesnt end at the exit of the exh ibition. 10. Have you ever eaten a pizza with fingers and eyeballs on it? 11. Well, if you fancy that kind of food, you will love the meals at the Dungeon restaurant. 12. The museum wants to provoke, shock, educate and delight. 13. And this it does extremely well. 4. Since its opening in 1975, the Dungeon has attracted many visitors from all over the world. 15. Besides the regular opening hours, the Dungeon sometimes also opens at night. 16. If you have enough money and nerves of steel, you can book the Dungeon for parties, conferences or charity events at night. 17. And on 31 October, a frightfully good Halloween Party takes place at the Dungeon every year. 1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian visited his provinces in Britain. 2. On his visit, the Roman soldiers told him that Pictish tribes from Britains north had attacked them. . So Hadrian gave the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. 4. After 6 years of hard work, the Wal l was finished in 128. 5. It was 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high. 6. The Wall was guarded by 15,000 Roman soldiers. 7. Every 8 kilometres there was a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers found shelter. 8. The soldiers watched over the frontier to the north and checked the people who wanted to enter or leave Roman Britain. 9. In order to pass through the Wall, people had to go to one of the small forts that served as gateways. 0. Those forts were called milecastles because the distance from one fort to another was one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres). 11. Between the milecastles there were two turrets from which the soldiers guarded the Wall. 12. If the Wall was attacked by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets ran to the nearest milecastle for help or lit a fire that could be seen by the soldiers in the milecastle. 13. In 383 Hadrians Wall was abandoned . 14. Today Hadrians Wall is the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. 15. In 1987, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Logic Of Evaluation Essay Example For Students

The Logic Of Evaluation Essay Along with questions there are answers, most questions must be evaluated before arriving to those answers. Usually when I am asking a question I go through a mental process of evaluating the question at hand before giving what I considered to be the most accurate answer. The purpose of my evaluation of the question is to rule out the other possible answers. Is evaluation the key to giving the, or getting the, correct answer, not always. However with evaluation of the question you can get more accurate account of what is being asked and how you can break it down to come up with the most correct answer. We will write a custom essay on The Logic Of Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Evaluation is not only a mental process in which you as an individual deals with internal feelings also be obtained through the outside collection of data, observations, and your own or others personal experiences. With all of this working for you in the process of evaluation your answer will be more accurate than if you were to guess without the evaluation of the question. One sunny day on vacation in Denver Colorado I was looking for a laundry mat. I had been driving around for some time with no luck. I pulled into a Circle K and asked the gas boy where one was located. He pointed and said five minutes that way. He had failed to use the evaluation process to answer my question. This evaluated answer that he should have given would include my data on travel as well as his personal experience of getting there himself. Evaluation is the heart of every question because without it your answer may not be as clear, precise or even relevant to the question. Evaluation can be lengthy at times when a simple guess is all that is required to get the ? ob? done. If all you are interested in is getting an answer of any sort why bother asking the question. Without careful evaluation of the questions being asked our need to strive for more would not be met in the sense that we were not taking the question seriously enough to take the time to evaluate for the most accurate answer. Spontaneity is good and fun but not when there is question or doubt. I would rather be a fool for five minutes asking a question than a fool for life not knowing the answer.

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays

Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essays Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Hewlett Packard Fort Collins Essay Fort Collins Division (FCD) was established In February of 1977, headed by Tom Kelley, and known in the beginning as a Calculator Products Group. One year later, the Ft Collins Division produced the HP-250 small business computer system and became known as the Desktop Computer Division (DCD) in august of the same year. In 1979, DCD was HPs most profitable division, reaching revenue of $200M. Their next big leap came in 1983 with the combination of the allied, yet struggling, Engineering Systems Division (ESD). At the time, the ESD was producing the 500 series line of computers. The two combined to form the Fort Collins System Division (FCSD) and produced the first highly-successful 300 series computers. Three years later, the Fort Collins system division reached revenue of 475M in 1988. Introduction Hewlett-Packard is addressing the best approach in manufacturing an upcoming line of 9000HP computers. They assess previously used techniques such as â€Å"repetitive Just-in-Time manufacturing† and â€Å"low volume manufacturing† for the future complex, low-level production line. There are many ways to adapt repetitive manufacturing concepts to lower volume complex products. The following outlines the assessment, incorporation, and feedback experienced by Hewlett-Packard when adopting a JIT manufacturing concept for their line of complex, low-volume, 9000HP computer line. Methodology A common approach to JIT repetitive manufacturing is the progressive assembly line consisting of man and or machine resources. In order to prevent bottlenecks and inventories, these lines are sought to be balanced so that time at each station is equal. The sustainability of a balanced progressive assembly line becomes more difficult with the complexity of the product. Progressive assembly lines are also constrained by the number of operators. This number bust be less than or equal to your number of operators to ensure that each operation or set of operations has at least one resource to perform the task. Additionally, routing must be established that allows the product to flow through all operations. Materials as well as labor are often tracked with work orders rather than batch work orders found in traditional Material Requirements Planning systems (MRP). The complexity of the 9000HP computer line would not typically suite repetitive or JIT manufacturing. Characteristics of progressive assembly lines can be referenced in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Progressive Assembly Line Visual Adversely, low volume manufacturing areas are not concerned with line balancing because each operation is done in batch rather than piece-part as result of variety and or complexity of builds. These batch quantities are then moved to the next operation’s queue or placed into stock. When encountering a shortage, low volume batch manufacturing can still progress because of the independence of the operations. Unlike progressive assembly lines, there are typically many operations to be performed by a fewer number of people. This allows for one operator to work on one job until completion of the batch, flow the material onwards, and work on another. Lower volume batch processes can be seen in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Low Volume Batch Processing In order to accomplish JIT manufacturing with low volume, the proper precautions must be regarded and the issues discussed above must be addressed. The list below outlines the greatest differences between low volume batch processes and high volume repetitive manufacturing: * Operation times measured in hours/days * Flow is disconnected * Operations disconnected * People cross-trained in operations * Number of people lt;= Number of operations * Line balance is not a factor * Work order batch accounting used to track material and labor * Process is flexible and can build various products * Batch scheduling The desktop computer family for the 9000HP line contains six million configurations made from nineteen different logical choices, twenty-seven major sub assemblies. The product family has 3,000 part numbers excluding parts needed for more intricate circuit board assemblies and cathode ray tube parts. The assembly of a HP9000 requires 10-20 hours of labor, depending on the configuration, and initial cycle time of approximately 40 workings hours (or fifty-two times per year). This cycle time includes all operations performed, starting with the printed circuit operation and ending with shipment. Hewlett-Packard determined that a traditional batch system was undesirable because of the lengthy cycle times, process inflexibility, and inventory implications. However, the complexity of the 9000HP coupled with low volume builds proves also poor for a progressive assembly line. Conclusively, by isolating the differences between JIT assembly and low volume batching, HP began their approach to a continuous flow customized production technique. The installation of a kanban system and material requirements planning are utilized for shop floor scheduling and purchasing while eliminating the need of work orders. In 1980, HP successfully links the benefits of JIT manufacturing and total quality control (TQC) during an implementation of three separate phases. Abstract Phase I of manufacturing the HP9000 began with a layout of tactics that HP set out to emulate. By minimizing vendors, HP would be able to ensuring material availability. They also wanted to ensure process control by developing quality procedures and rapid feedback problems. Finally and perhaps most importantly, selecting machinery and equipment to minimize setup time while maximizing flexibility and allowing for lot sizes of one. Therefore, Phase I of the HP9000 JIT-TQC implementation consisted of a closed-loop transporter and carousel for stockroom material located on the production line as seen in Figure 3. By installing the transporter and carousel, HP would be able to build the complex product, maintain flexibility, and achieve one at a time production with kanban control. Figure 3: HP9000 Line Continuous Flow Customized Production HP experienced much success with the installation of Phase I such as; low and sustained lot sizes and a decrease of work in process by 50 percent on average. However, overwhelming concern for labor tracking by operation caused the Phase I approach to be abandoned during the incorporation of Phase II just twenty-one months later. Changes in the company allowed for reexamination of the JIT-TQC link and the implementation of Phase II. The Fort Collins Division shuffled their tactics and simplified their objectives to achieve improvement. The decision was made to eliminate the transporter and carousel to save space and improve asset turnover. HP also set out to make TQC efforts more rigorous and use kanban to link final assembly and circuit board operations under JIT principles. Results of Phase II included the sustained low kanban quantities, averaging one and sometimes achieving zero. Output has also risen substantially and the induction of more rigorous quality control proved to be successful with the causes of waste and poor quality eliminated. This has consequently lead to substantial rises in output. Shortly after the implementation of Phase II, Hewlett-Packard Fort Collins Division redefined their manufacturing objectives to better sustain profitability, thus giving rise to the third and final phase – Phase III. New objectives included; maximizing product quality, maximizing product delivery, and minimizing product cost. HP wanted to extend their vision statement and convert all manufacturing to JIT and even begin JIT kanban with suppliers. Conclusion Results of Phase III had not yet been published but today, Hewlett-Packard has successfully converted all product lines to JIT manufacturing and reduced the cost of inventory held from $670,000 to a mere $20,000 within their circuit board line specifically. HP’s influence spans over nearly six decades and even with the company’s humble beginnings, HP has grown into a computer empire; influencing several countries and industries over the course of their existence.

D2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

D2 - Assignment Example The environment is critical in shaping and determining the child’s development. In transition to parenthood, Cochenour and Chrisman (61) explain this stage to be a critical stage where the young parents are redefining their career growth, while at the same time a child comes along to require more attention and care from the two. Thus according to Cochenour and Chrisman, a child can be source of joy or conflict; the care of the child puts more strain on the parents, who are still required to utilize their strengths in defining their new career goals (Cochenour and Chrisman 64). The extended family thus chips in to offer the child the required development; the child no long belongs to the parents alone, but has to identify her/ himself with the large family context as all the family members have a role to play in shaping the child’s development. In addition, this brings about the sense of belonging and inclusiveness, which is necessary in defining identity. To solve the p roblems of conflict between parents as the new child requires more attention and care from the two; both parents have to actively participate in rearing the child; the role should never be left as an obligation of a particular parent. This creates the required environment for child development. Parents should also choose an environment that would be constructive in the child’s development. In understanding the structure of a family, the family systems theory would be of much importance to childhood educators. Cochenour and Chrisman (62) explain that the theory’s primary concept is that the family consists of interconnected members, with each member influencing the other in predictable and recurring ways. The theory would largely focus on the family behaviors and history to influence an individual’s behavior. Therefore, understanding this theory would help early child educators to have prior knowledge related to the several types of families,

Rodolfo Corky Gonzalez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rodolfo Corky Gonzalez - Essay Example Because of financial difficulties, he only completed one term in engineering at the University of Denver (Ingen). After dropping out in college, he pursued a career in boxing which saw him fighting seventy-five times in the featherweight division (Historycolorado.org). After boxing, Rodolfo entered politics, running for Colorado State Representative but he lost. In the mid 1960’s, he founded the Crusade for Justice, an urban civil rights and crusade movement which advocated Chicano nationalism (Democracynow.org). In 1967, he once again ran for political office this time for Mayor of Denver but lost again. In 1968, he led the Poor People’s March to Washington, D.C. which called for better housing, education, business and restitution of pueblo lands in the barrios (Escuela Tlatelolco). Another important contribution of Rodolfo is his creation of the Annual Chicano Youth Liberation Conference, which aims to create greater unity among Chicano youth (Escuela Tlatelolco). Rodolfo died on April 12, 2005 due to heart failure. He is best remembered as a civil rights advocate who fought for injustice, racism and for the rights of the Mexican Americans in the United States. Democracynow.org. "Chicano leader Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales 1929-2005: "He was the fist. He stood for defiance, resistance"." 15 April 2005. democracynow.org. Web. 14 May 2013

Apple brand marketing campaigns positively impacts the consumers Dissertation

Apple brand marketing campaigns positively impacts the consumers purchase intent to buy apple products - Dissertation Example Because of data asymmetries buyers are improbable to clear concept about the genuine value of the merchandise and they usually outlook the emblem as a cue or goods the value of the pointer is not observed. A powerful emblem is positively associated to believe the value requirements. In such positions powerful emblem title as conspicuously the check is anticipated to be positively correlated with believe and value of preannouncement of new goods and decrease the witnessed risk of drinking. Effects of an assessment may furthermore be manifested through the psychological mechanism. Brand elongation is a good demonstration of utilising a powerful brand. Brand associations and sway affiliated with powerful emblems can be effortlessly moved to the new merchandise which considerably decreases the risk and boost the viewed relation benefit of this new product. Thus buyers are probable to delay for a merchandise launch or postpone the buy of comparable emblems which directs to a high likeliho od of selection. Thus it is presumed that: H1. Consumers have a higher aim to buy new goods broadcast in anticipation of a powerful brand. Apple inc. Description: Before the Phantom Whether the merchandise is accomplished as recounted overhead is another significant component to hold the status of Apple Inc. indicating and therefore leverage buyer answers to products. Because of the doubt merchandise development and trading business Apple Inc cannot insert new merchandise as pledged in supplement; some businesses intentionally make untrue preannouncements in certain situations. The merchandise is broadcast in accelerate but does not need new or went away is called phantom (East Harris Willson & Hammond 2005). An increasing number of phantom nourishment has emerged in diverse commerce extending from hardware to programs and from the blended vehicles. A classic demonstration is the phantom 3DRealms video game Duke Nukem Forever which was formally broadcast in accelerate in 1997 will b e issued no subsequent than mid-1998. But until now it has habitually been in development for over 13 years. The game has won yearly phantom Wired Magazine's a couple of accolades and was mocked as the Duke of Nukem Forever. Zeithaml (2008) contends that businesses can be boosted to preannounce phantom on reason disappoint new entrants and competition. However as a public pointer the phantom will be discerned by buyers and to have contradictory penalties for the business Apple Inc pronouncing. As indicating idea proposes is the status of Apple indicating is decreased if the pointers are not contacted before and receivers can be little questioning the self-assurance of the present signal. These contradictory associations are needed to make a contradictory influence on consumers' yearn to delay for a new product. Therefore contemplating the contradictory influence on the phantom in the viewed integrity and anticipations of clients it is presumed that: H2. Consumers have less aim to pu rchase merchandise advocated in accelerate with the new Apple phantom article before. Product Feature: Ability to Innovate An absolutely crucial characteristic of preannouncement discovery is the new merchandise which

Social Work Analysis

Social Work Analysis My setting is a small rural Church of England Voluntary Controlled primary school with approximately 75 children and approximately 12 teaching staff including the head and teaching assistants. The staff work, on a part and full time basis. There are 3 mixed ability and mixed age classes. Class 1 consists of reception, year 1 and half of year 2 children. It is interesting to note that the half of year 2 children are all boys. Class 2 is the other half of year 2, year 3 and half of year 4, again mainly boys. Class 3 consists of the rest of year 4, 5 and 6. This is an old village school with modern additions. There are two separate play areas including hard surface and grass areas and play equipment. In 2009 education league tables my setting was in the top third. The setting performed below national average in 2008 for year 6 Standard Attainment Tests (SATS) however in 2009 we were slightly above the national average. In 2009 30.8% of year 6 children were identified as having special needs, from a class of 13. (bbc.co.uk. Accessed 22 Id April 2010) In the last OFSTED report 2007 the setting achieved an overall score of 2- Good. The major feeder for the setting is the local pre-school. I view my own role in the setting is to enable and support each child. It is of key importance that I, as it is for all practitioners to I view my own role in the setting is to enable and support each child. It is key importance that I, as it is for all practitioners to identify any need of a child be it physical or emotional or in way affects the holistic well being of the child. All early years staff are committed to putting children first: the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989). (Hobart and Frankel 2003:123) All barriers to a childs growth and life chances must be addressed. If a child has a need that may not be fully met by the practitioners alone within the setting the lead practitioner must be informed to alert and call in the team of outside agencies to meet with the parents and practitioners in the setting to provide the best service to meet the needs of that child. This is in line with the Governments vision of integrated front-line delivery of services to improve future outcomes of children and their families. (It is crucial for practitioners to act as facilitators. To meet the needs of a child the role of a practitioner is to first identify the need and if necessary share the information with other specialists and other outside agencies to aid the process of better outcomes for that child. Individual Learning Plans and Common Assessment Forms are useful tools for collaborative working. Communication is the key to executing strategies and building positive working relationships. It is a vital role of my practice to develop and maintain relations to the other organisations. Relationships develop and change over time. It is through critical reflection and analysis that practitioners can think and improve their practice. There are many different ways that the Setting communicates with the different groups. There are different levels of formality and speed required. For example in a child safeguarding situation, urgent action may need to be taken. Action could be initiated by a means of a telephone call followed by written statements. Other forms of communication include minuted meetings, for example parents and a Local Educational Authority and Practitioner meet to discuss an Action Plan for an individual child. Written reports form the core of an Individual Learning Plan for a child with additional needs. Other reports include OFSTED Action Plans agreed with the Head Practitioner and the Governors. For example member A of the Behavioural Support Team called a meeting with the Head Practitioner and the two named Practitioner supporting a child with challenging behaviour. The reason for the meeting was to discuss the effectiveness of the latest action plan that they had created for a child in class 1. The Head Practitioner had received the plan of new strategies but had not shared the information with the other practitioners therefore the new methods of dealing with certain behaviour had not been implemented due to the lack of communication between members at the Setting. On reflection of this critical incident, I wonder why the childs parents were had not invited to the meeting to share their views on how best to support their child in the Setting. This is an example of top-down management. In my role as an Early Years Works I need full access to the information necessary for individually supporting each child otherwise Every Child Matters will not work. The power is most definitely with the specialist to instruct the setting to carry out a plan of action with different support mechanisms. This is as a direct result for government inclusion policy, but the practitioner cannot implement the plan if the setting does not have an open or transparent communication policy. It is probably a weakness in management skills and a lack of democratic leadership skills that the lead practitioner does not share information. Alternatively this could be as a result of an overloading of responsibilities on one Head Practitioner. Thirdly the Head Practitioner may not trust the confidentiality of the staff. In his book, The Reflective Practitioner, Donald Schon talks about the benefits of reflection. (infed.org Last Accessed 16th April 2010) This allows practitioners to explore the interactive processes which have impact on practice and outcomes of children, their families and their community. Through reflection practitioners may gauge the effectiveness of action taken at the Setting. Through reflection practitioners may focus and think about their own values and beliefs. Reflection is an important tool to evaluate and improve ones practice. The process allows a deeper understanding of the impact of practice on a childs development. Knowledge gained from the whole procedure should shape practice and the sharing of information and experiences with other practitioner will raise issues for discussion which will ultimately benefit both practitioners and children. This method should lead to improved practice and greater understanding of issues in the setting. I have critically reflected on improving the communication links between the practitioner and behavioral unit. One way round this, could be for the behavioural team to feel sufficiently confident to send the information directly to the Early Years Practitioner who is working directly with the child. There may be an issue of power or positioning. Possibly the behavioral team perceive themselves as professional elite and recognise the Head Practitioner as equal in professional status Another member of the behavioural support team, older, wiser and more experienced, took a different approach regarding the same child. Met with behavioural support worker B regarding child possibly on the Autistic Spectrum. He asked for feedback on the childs behaviour and well being. He specifically asked if the child was happy and engaging with the other children. He asked my opinion on what I thought would be the best strategy in supporting learning as he said you have built up a relationship with the child and he understood that I worked closely with the child on a day to day basis. (Reflective Journal November 2009) On reflection the practitioners including myself, would have been in a better position to comment if more information had been made available to me, in preparation to the meeting. I would like to have been fully informed and kept up to date with the latest information as I was one of the named persons for that child. This made the meeting a waste of time as I was unable to comment on how the child had responded to the new board and methods as I had not created the new teaching resources. The Head Practitioner had received the previous report and recommendation from the behavioural unit but this information was not shared with any of the other practitioners. Consequently no action had been taken by the practitioners supporting the child. (Reflective Journal October 2009) My ability to reflect on failures and successes in the use of different communication styles between professionals will enable me to ask for information in order to do my job. So reflection is an important process which aids professional development and practice. The aim is to include and enable all children using specific plans for inclusion. A practitioner professional duty is to use critical thinking and critical action as a tool to improve life chances and promote a healthy quality of life for individual children. This will bring the government policy of Every Child Matters into reality within my Setting. The Government recognises the crucial role of parents, carers and families in improving outcomes for children and young people and the need to provide support for parents, carers and families in order for them to do so. The Government also recognises the important role of the local community. (Last Accessed 30-04-10 at bbc. co. uk) Through joined up working and positive partnerships, the needs and holistic wellbeing of every child should be met to realise the Governments vision of Every Child Matters. The issues involving power and position of practitioner are complex. The flow of power has a direct effect on how a child and their family are supported. Power itself is a very tricky idea. Finding out where the power is involves at least two manoeuvres. First, we ask ourselves: who is in a position to influence or control the lives of whom? Secondly, we ask ourselves: in whose interests is this influence or control exerted? (Walmsley et al 1997:131-132) The question of power and status has a direct effect on relationships. Those who are at a similar level of position may be more inclined to share information, than with a person that they perceive to have a lower social status. Unequal power in relationships and partnerships may have an immense impact on the processes needed for joined up working and could directly affect the outcome for children. It is important to understand the relationship between personal and social construction. The flow of power is a two-directional process. Each persons actions are influenced by their values and beliefs. These actions effect children, families and the wider community. Their values and beliefs are affected by the community in which they live, so these values are shaped by social structure. Our social identity may change depending on experiences, relationships and social interactions. (Wabsley 1997:235-237) Different practitioners have different views on their role. Beliefs of others may differ from the beliefs of self. For example other peer practitioners do not believe that it is also their responsibility to support and interact heavily with parents and family. They are happy to deal with other education professionals but they see parents as an obstacle to their work. There are also parents who do not wish to engage with practitioner. There are numerous reasons as to why parents and carers may not work effectively with the Setting. The barriers may be physical or concerning difficulties in communication. (Hobert and Frankel 2003:136) For example a lack of time for developing relationships or if they have the opinion that the practitioners are interfering or making judgements on the way they live; or had a poor educational experience and may feel intimidated by the educational environment. They may also not understand the value of engaging with the Setting. The Government policy aims to bring about change with emphasis on empowerment and community development. This needs good partnerships between families, practitioners and the groups in the wider community. This is not possible if all the practitioners do not share the same vision or if parents do not want to participate in partnerships with the Setting. Some parents are hard to reach and it can be problematic in deciding the best course of action. A practitioner needs to attempt to engage with parents whilst maintaining a professional distance. Parents and family are crucial members of the team around the child. For all of a childs needs to be met all groups that can provide a service to benefit the child must participate and work together towards a common goal. 13Values are therefore linked to wider ideas which are woven into the social fabric and are often mixed and contradictory. We therefore need to expose and examine our own assumptions as professional workers. (Lea 2010 Including and Enabling professional practice and inclusion notes) The Government provide the Schools, National Health Service, Police and other agencies to support the family. The Government also conduct research to develop social policies to regulate and shape childrens lives to ultimately improve each childs social outcome. Policies and frameworks for example, the Early Years Foundation stage and Every Child Matters are designed to guide Setting, Social Workers and other Health Professional to give every child a fairer chance in life. Communication is an important step to try to improve the chances and opportunities of all children. If a setting fails to communicate effectively with an agency there have been extreme consequences for the child and family. Three children a week are dying of abuse or neglect at the hands of parents or guardians,. including some already on the child protection register. Last Accessed 2nd May 2010 at dailymail.co.uk There may be an impact on the child due to domestic violence. Practitioners need to be vigilant and in tune with the childs usual behaviour to notice differences in the attitude, health and well being of the child. 15 The Setting is the core of the diagram. Setting practitioners spend the most time with children and families and in a position to have the closest relationships. The next group have less time in contact with the child, but have regular input for the support of the children in the setting. They are a part of the local community as well as the setting. The third including OFSTED and LEA professionals are called in by the school specialists may have intensive time with a limited number of children on a 1:1 basis. The fourth include Emergency services and the wider community groups. The motivation for community contact is to be proud and social cohesion. Finally the Government has overarching policies and how they resource and affect children families and the Setting. The long-term outcomes may include children engaged with their community and this may lead to a sense of belonging and an increase in health, positive behaviour and well being. inter-professional and inter-agency working has a huge positive impact on the welfare of children. Government funding, resources and how practitioners support children impact on their self-esteem, progression and multiple issues concerning their life chances. It is the practitioners responsibility to ensure that the resources always get through to the individual child Early Year practitioners are agents of change. They have the responsibility to ensure high quality early year provision. Their duty to meet the Early Year Foundation Stage involves the aim to constantly improve practice and work in partnership with parents and the wider community. The building of supportive relationships with children requires listening effectively to their voice and all the voices of other groups and organisations that interact with the Setting and can influence the childs life chances Through reflection in action and reflection on action a practitioner may use experiences to aid professional development and meet the expectations of the Government. The EYFS process is designed to take down the barriers between professions. The team around the child should have shared values and aims in terms of the outcome of the child and family and consequently the community bought together by the government initiative. The EYPS will allow a better understanding of how the different groups collaborate and this should improve every childs life chances. (ECM para) This builds on the core aims of Every Child Matters which was designed to give a fairer chance to all children. Be Healthy, economic independence. The long-term Government vision is to narrow the gap between the children who achieve and those who do not by providing services to children and their families which is focused on the following five outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Being healthy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Staying safe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enjoying and achieving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Making a positive contribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Economic well-being (Pugh and Duffy 2006:10) The children from certain groups such as looked after children, traveller children, children with disability and the Gifted and Talented are often considered to be vulnerable to not having all their needs met. The development of Childrens services aims to integrate health, social and educational teams. For true integration to a team and take collective responsibility of the child. The sharing of information is often crucial to position resources to best meet the needs of children. This encourages the development of good quality partnerships should lead to improved services for the child and their family. This is politically driven, and if the government changed will there be the priority on the funding and focus of EYFS and ECM. Political opinions It is the governments aim to have EYPs in all Childrens Centres offering early years provision by 2010 and in every full day care setting by 2015. (Childrens Workforce Development Council Introduction and information guide:5) The Labour government has focussed on child poverty using many initiatives. These include Family Tax Credits and Sure Start provision. These are part of a concerted programme created because it was identified that your start in the early years is directly related to your life chances. It has been recognised that the quality of parental skills is of importance. Research suggests that the level of education of practitioners has a direct effect on the outcome of the children in their care. This is why the Government is up skilling the Early Years Workforce and promoting good parenting skills. There is research evidence of the benefits of good attachment for a childs whole development. The process of critical self reflection allows for the improvement of my own performance and the performance of my Setting. Every team member needs to jointly reflect on the ways that we can improve out communication and management of our links with the multiple agencies and the wider community. As a team this should be a part of our continual professional development. Word Count 3131

Boys In The Hood Essay example -- essays research papers

Hood: slang for neighborhood or black area/life. Before 1991 this concept of hood life was never before portrayed or looked into until John Singleton produced the black social drama Boyz N the Hood. This is the first film by a black director that actually goes deep inside the ghetto or inner city. Singleton carefully directs this film so that it appears to mirror the real world â€Å"having value as a kind of anthropological study of an unfamiliar way of life'; (Thompson 2). Set in lower-middle-class, predominately black, south central Los Angeles, a neighborhood where constant gunshots regularly interrupt study time and the sound of police helicopters flying above is a familiar tune, Boyz N the Hood is basically the story of three teenage friends coming of age in black urban America. It is their story of street life where friendship, pain, danger, and love combine to form their harsh reality. Unlike previous films Singleton addresses issues that relate more to the younger generation of that time. Tre, the main character is obviously the one who is on the right track toward adulthood. He has a job, plans to go to college and, â€Å"most important (as writer-director Singleton sees it, at any rate) he lives with his father'; (Tornquist 1). Brothers Doughboy and Ricky, on the other hand, live with their mother and are not good role models. Doughboy drives a fancy car but doesn’t appear to have a job, and has been in and out of prison. Ricky does a litt...

Diversity Case Study Essay

Is a term used to differentiate groups and people from one another. It means respect for and appreciation of differences in ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion. What is diversity? Everyone is a unique person. Even though people have things in common with each other they are also different in all sorts of ways. Differences include visible and non-visible factors, for example, personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality, and work-style, size, accent, language and so on. A number of personal characteristics are covered by discrimination law to give people protection against being treated unfairly. The ‘protected characteristics’ are race, disability, gender reassignment, sex, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. Equality and diversity is becoming more important in all aspects of our lives and work for a number of reasons: * We live in an increasingly diverse society and need to be able to respond appropriately and sensitively to this diversity. Learners in the healthcare setting will reflect this diversity around gender, race and ethnicity, disability, religion, sexuality, class and age. * Your organisation believes that successful implementation of equality and diversity in all aspects of work ensures that colleagues, staff and students are valued, motivated and treated fairly. * We have an equality and human rights legal framework covering employment practices and service delivery and qe need to ensure we work within this and avoid discrimination. What is equality? Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age. Promoting equality should remove discrimination in all of the aformentioned areas. Bullying, harassment or victimization are also considered as equality and diversity issues. Equality is about ‘creating a fairer society, where everyone can participate and has the opportunity to fulfil their potential’ Inclusion Inclusion is a state of being valued, respected and supported. It’s about focusing on the needs of every individual and ensuring the right conditions are in place for each person to achieve his or her full potential. Inclusion should be reflected in an organization’s culture, practices and relationships that are in place to support a diverse workforce. Inclusion is about all learners and about taking action to remove barriers to participation and learning. Inclusion also involves eliminating discrimination and promoting equality. It is described by some as the practice of ensuring that people feel they belong, are engaged, and connected. It is a universal human right whose aim is to embrace all people, irrespective of race, gender, disability or other attribute which can be perceived as different. a sense of belonging: feeling respected, valued for who you are; feeling a level of supportive energy and commitment from others so that you can do your best.† It is about valuing all individuals, giving equal access and opportunity to all and removing discrimination and other barriers to involvement. 1. The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the grounds of race, age, or sex. 2. Recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another.

30 things to do before you turn 30

30 things to do before you turn 30 We all like to set goals for ourselves, and we often set a timeline to accomplish them based on certain milestones- the end of a year, an anniversary, or a certain age are popular choices. Many folks like to use the beginning of a new decade in life as a â€Å"chronological yardstick† to gauge what they’ve accomplished in life and what they still need to do. Are you about to turn 30? If so, then congratulations- for many people, this is an important time in life. It’s an age at which your adolescent and young adult years are firmly behind you and you begin embarking on the middle portion of your life’s journey through adulthood and towards middle age. You may be wondering what sort of goals in life you should have achieved by the time you reach this milestone. The following are some ideas for things to try to do before reaching 30. How many of these have you already done?Finance Milestones1. Start a checking/savings account: If you haven’t already, it’s about time you established a bank account that will allow you to pay bills, save money for a rainy day, and not keep your life savings in a shoebox or under your mattress.2. Establish a money-saving routine: Living paycheck to paycheck may have worked when you were younger, but life tends to get more complicated- and expensive- as you get older. Building a regular money-saving routine will help you face unexpected life expenses when they come up.3. Start a retirement account: The older you get, the closer you get to the end of your career journey- and retirement. It may seem like it’s a long was off, but trust us, the years tend to go by faster the older you get, and it’s never too soon to start planning for retirement- either independently or through your employer if feasible.4. Build good credit: The things we tend to covet and need later in life- from a home mortgage to a car or bank loan and more- often require having good credit. Work on building a sol id credit history now, so you won’t have to scramble later.5. Invest in the stock market: Consider taking advantage of investment opportunities in the stock market to strengthen your financial position as you transition into adulthood.6. Buy property: Have you always thought of buying and owning property? Now may be a good time to see what’s available and what makes sense for your financial position.7. Pay off your credit card debt: For many folks, becoming a fully-fledged adult means becoming more financially responsible- which includes getting rid of credit card debt.Fitness Milestones8. Get a gym membership: Taking care of your health becomes increasingly more important as you get older, and turning 30 is a good time to establish a regular exercise routine. Joining a gym can be a great place to start.9. Run a 5K: Consider challenging yourself by signing up for a 5K run in your area; often, these races help raise money for good causes, so it’s a real win-win.1 0. Climb a mountain: What better way to challenge yourself than facing an actual mountain and conquering it? Go for it!11. Exercise every day: Do yourself a huge favor and commit to doing some type of regular exercise every day- and stick to it. It’s okay to start small and build from there.12. Get out of your comfort zone: There’s nothing quite like envisioning a new challenge or obstacle- and then overcoming it! Think of something you’ve always wanted to try, or have been afraid to try, and then do it.Career Milestones13. Be a boss: As we get older and climb our career ladders, it’s natural to want to take on more responsibility and be in charge of supervising others. Becoming a boss is a great way to test our professional skill set.14. Start your own business: It’s not uncommon to want to take the knowledge and skills you’ve acquired in your professional experience thus far and use it to blaze your own trail. Many successful business vent ures have been started by people before they reached 30, and you can join this list.15. Consider a career change: By the time we reach 30 we’ve often had a few years of experience in our chosen industry. It might be worth taking some time to consider other possible options, which may either reassert your original choice or put you in a bold new career direction.16. Help someone just starting in your industry: It’s always a nice idea to â€Å"pay it forward†- chances are someone helped you learn the ropes when you were starting out, and it’s nice to do the same thing for someone else who’s new to your company or industry.Personal Milestones17. Get a master’s degree: Consider pursuing an advanced degree to open up a world of new career opportunities.18. Enter into a committed relationship: Many folks feel that finding a partner and building a life with them is a core part of adulthood and can really fill your life with happiness and meaning.19 . Learn a new language: Learning a new language can be a wonderful challenge and a valuable new skill to acquire.20. Spend more time with family: The older we get, the more we realize that life is short and that spending time with loved ones is a valuable gift- and one that we should take greater advantage of whenever possible.21. Volunteer: Consider investing your time and energy in a cause that really means something to you. It will be time well spent.22. Travel abroad: Do you have a desire to travel and yearn to see a new part of the world? If so, there’s no better time than now to embark on a new journey.23. Practice forgiveness: Life can be complex and difficult, and none of us handles every situation we encounter perfectly. Try practicing the art of forgiveness- including yourself and others. Carrying fewer grudges can really lift a huge weight off of your shoulders.24. Move to a new city: Do you sometimes feel as if you’ve lived in one place for too long? If so, you may want to make a big change and relocate to experience a change of scenery and pace.25. Start a new hobby: A great way to make a positive change in your life is to build your skills and knowledge when taking on a new hobby. Think of something that has caught your interest recently and dive in!26. Read more: You’ve probably learned by now that knowledge is power, and the more you know about a wide variety of subjects, the better off you’ll be in whatever circumstance you find yourself in. Making more time to read- whatever subject interests you- will enrich your life in countless ways.27. Face a fear: We all know what this entails- staring directly at something that has always intimidated us or has sent us running and facing it head on. There’s simply no better way to know what you’re capable of in life than to face down something that scares you.28. Learn to cook: This is a great way to expand your horizons, learn something new, and save some money (goodbye takeout). Try learning all about a cuisine that you’ve always loved and then have fun exploring with flavors.29. Trace your family tree: Enrich your life by learning more about where you came from- you may be surprised by what you discover!30. Talk to strangers: This may sound strange at first glance, but give it a shot- it may just remind you that the world is full of interesting people and you may make some new friends.There you have it: 30 ideas for things you may want to try before you reach 30 years old, which should keep you busy until you’re ready for 40 ideas for things to try before you reach 40!

What Do I Do After Graduation Part 2

What Do I Do After Graduation Part 2 What Do I Do After Graduation? Part 2 If you’re still asking yourself what you should do after graduation, know that the job of your dreams may, in fact, be within your reach. A well-written, comprehensive resume is the first step in getting there. (Consider using a professional resume writing service to help craft a winning one!) However, a good cover letter is just as important- perhaps moreso, especially if you don’t have a lot of experience to put on a resume. The cover letter shows off your personality and makes employers curious to know more about you. It allows you to expand on points in your resume that pertain to the position of interest. With specific keywords, your cover letter matches your qualifications and shows that youre a good candidate. A cover letter is the first thing a potential employer sees, so you want to make a good impression. It may not be read it if it’s long or rambling, so get to the point quickly and limit yours to one page or less. It should also give a good indication of your communication and writing skills. A clear and organized cover letter that’s free of grammatical errors says a lot about the applicant- even with just a quick glance. The tone of your cover letter should be positive, friendly, and confident. A cover letter has several specific goals: To introduce yourself and give the employer an idea of who you are To show that you have the skills and qualifications to do the job To provide additional information or expand on items listed on your resume To request a meeting or interview Address and Letterhead On the upper right corner of the page, put your name, address, phone number, email address, and a link to your website or LinkedIn profile. (You can also design your own letterhead to give your cover letter a more professional look.) The address of the company you are writing to goes on the left side underneath your personal information. Remember to leave space beneath this information before starting your letter. Your resume and cover letter are best formatted in size 12 font so they’re easy to read. Also use a font that looks professional, like Calibri or Times New Roman. Leave the Comic Sans or other childish fonts for another time. Salutation A salutation can be confusing for job applicants. Is ‘To Whom it May Concern’ or ‘Dear Hiring Manager’ correct, or is it better to include the name of someone specific? If the hiring manager’s name isnt mentioned in the job posting, make the effort to find out what it is. If possible, also use the person’s correct title, i.e. Ms., Dr., or Mr. Look for this information on the organization’s official website, LinkedIn profile, or simply call the company and ask for the person’s name and official title. If you don’t address the employer correctly, your cover letter could seem like a form letter instead. A proper salutation will show that you are someone who takes the initiative (and it could be a positive point in your favour). Opening paragraph The goal of the first paragraph is to express your interest in the position, so clearly state the title of the job for which you are applying. (It’s not necessary to explain where you saw the position advertised.) Then write a few sentences about why the position interests you. Make your statements brief and concise; you’ll expand on these points later in the letter. Middle Paragraph The middle paragraph is important because this is where you’ll explain your resume in more detail. Show the reader that you match all or most of their requirements. It’s also important to know if you’ll fit in with the company, so learn about the organization and have a good understanding of who they are and what they do. Perhaps research the hiring manager (or whoever will receive your letter) as well. Employers often match job applications to specific keywords from their ad, so use those words in your cover letter. (Keywords can be anything related to the position or its requirements.) Let your letter reflect the tone of the ad and highlight how your goals match the company’s mission. If you think you’re well-suited for the job, you may want to add another paragraph here. Once you’ve learned about the company, you can express how you think your specific goals and experience fit in with its mission and future plans. Comment on what you think you could specifically accomplish for them in light of all this information. Final Paragraph The final paragraph of the cover letter should be about two to four sentences long. The purpose of this section is primarily to mention the attached resume and stress that you’re open to meeting for an interview. Phrase the final sentence or two as a call to action, such as â€Å"Please give me a

Analyse the change process at the Lady Magazine from the period prior Essay

Analyse the change process at the Lady Magazine from the period prior to the appointment of Rachel Johnson as Editor to the pres - Essay Example SITUATION ANALYSIS In this advance and emerged era of globalization, The Lady Magazine was not enhancing its contents creatively that can hold the attention of the readers. It was continuously losing its market share for two decades and was standing on the dying market position with only a circulation of average 31,000 readerships with a segment of age group of 70 and above customers. The magazine never has changed its concept of designing the magazine and it had not made such innovative improvements that can lead them to the scale of prosperity. Ben is now the head of the five member’s board which is consists of five family members. Ben did not have a publishing experience but he deeply realized that the lady magazine desperately needed a new concept and image. He introduced some changes when he became the head of the board, that includes adventure travel trips, full-color advertising and to consternation of some of the more seasoned staff members-a website. Nature of the cha nge The nature of the change was reactive because it was forced by the customer market demand and with the dying market share of lady magazine so it was pressurized by continuous decrease in the market share of lady and the loss of readership. ... She aimed to double the readership of the lady magazine with her ideas and editing skills along with the concept of a real successful woman. The level of change that has occurred at the Lady Magazine can be referred as Gamma. When an organization makes a paradigm shift, then the level of change is referred as Gamma (Burnes, 2004; By, 2005). The idea and concept has been changed and redefined in order attract higher readers, therefore such a change is being referred as Gamma. Stakeholders viewpoint When these changes occurred, it also captured the attention and interest of the present stakeholders along with attracting new investors as well, because it was a new idea of increasing the market share and generating a handsome profit with a good pace of success. So it holds the investors interest with the perspective of generating more profits with it. The investors always are attracted with new concepts and ideas that can generate handsome amount of money in a short time period (Cameron, & Green, 2012). So the new investors who were attracted by this idea have realized that with this changed idea, the lady magazine will be able to generate a handsome amount of profit for them. Besides investors, the other stakeholders of the magazine are also important (Cummings, and Worley, 2009). Other stakeholders were also excited such as distributors, employees, readers, potential readers, society, competitors, managers and other stakeholders (Martin, 2006). Therefore these changes would influence each of the stakeholders as the company plans to redefine itself (Balogun, and Hailey, 1999). Threats of competitors is always important to analyse (Daft, and Marcic, 2006) and this threat would have increased as with this new idea, the sales and

Human and animals Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human and animals Cloning - Essay Example Thus even after numerous failures in the initial stages the initial stages the scientists worked on the procedure of this vitro Fertilization process where the scientific community from the United States came to be successful with the first IVF baby that was born in 1978. However it should be stated in the same context that the US quickly banned it after the baby came out. (King, 126) The debate over cloning continued but at last non human cloning was allowed and approved in Science Congress. Dolly the sheep was cloned by the famous scientists Ian Wilmut and Keith Cambell in 1996. This was a phenomenal breakthrough in the history of microbiology and the survival of the sheep became the point of interest. However, it survived its initial complications and proved that cloning is a safe method for life forms. At the same context it should also be mentioned that the Dolly success brought in many more companies into the cloning business. The second successful experiment was Little Nicky. It has been estimated that about 87 tries were incorporated to clone Little Nicky, in which two resulted in pregnancy. Only one survived though. However, this proved that cloning was highly achievable and it was safe too. (Dev, 78-81) Logically, the next step of the scientific community was to venture into Human Cloning. But there are several arguments for and against this measure. One argument suggests that the human gene pool is more complicated that that of a sheep thus tampering with it would surely harm its contents. These people argued that the cloning of human would surely weaken the gene pool. Another group of argument suggested that cloning would be very detrimental to human health and that health risk could become a big concern in future if human cloning is allowed. (Kar, 145) There are also legal complications regarding the fact. However, in 1998 the legal authority granted the right of everyone to have a child in the famous case of Blingdon V. Abbott. (Fletcher, 188) But there are complications suggested by many quarters. There lies the chance of side effects of cloning. It is believed that LOS or large offspring syndrome develops a lot of abnormalities in a large group. Furthermore, as cloning is a process where exact DNA replications are made the method of cross breading would seize to exist. This is important as Cross breading would make people to diverse and thus develop. Then again uses of spare part organs are in scrutiny too. Many people don't believe that one should use and embryo for organs. (Deb, 323) However the aspect of Cloning in Agriculture supports the use of cloning as streamline of Clone Elites would likely lead to mass production of transgenic animals where no safe guards are put on animals once it is able to produce protein. The quality of the products would also be taken into account as in cows the quality would vary as most cows produce about 1000 gallons, but one can get cows the make 2000 gallons with cloning alongside the overall quality of most if not all food would go up. (Lamb, 243-245) This would lead to a huge profit margin and main companies in the agriculture cloning field like Biotech are already taking interest in the

Bioterrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bioterrorism - Assignment Example Bioterrorism is a deliberate attempt to discharge biological agents to spread illness and eventually death of the inhabitants of particular geographical area. These biological agents may be bacteria, viruses or their toxins, either in their natural form or in their modified forms, or with enhanced virulence developed by humans to bring disaster. These agents can spread into the environment through air, water or food. It is enormously complicated to differentiate and detect the presence or these agents as they do not display any immediate complaints and also may not show symptoms for days. Thus, they serve as weapons which are cost-effective, trouble-free to disseminate and are capable of creating an extensive fear (Web- Bioterrorism Overview). One of the most discussed action was noticed in September-October 2001 in USA where numerous cases of anthrax bust out. These cases were due to the deliberate attempt and extended through letters carrying the potential anthrax agent, letters were delivered to the offices of news media along with the office of U. S Congress. Receivers of the letters were victimized with anthrax. Later on when tests were performed the strains were labelled as from a domesticate source. This incidence has paved the way for bio-terrorism and has wagered the meaning of biodefence and biosecurity, as it is highly focused exploitation of biological techniques (Web- Bioterrorism Overview). Bioterrorism agents can be categorized on the basis of the intensity of ailments or fatal consequences they create. Three categories are enumerated on the basis of the risk they dispose. Category A encompasses agents with highest risk while Category C encompasses agents with up-and-coming terrorization for disease. Agents belonging to Category A include: Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis); Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin); The Plague (Yersinia pestis); Smallpox (Variola major); Tularemia (Francisella tularensis); Hemorrahagic fever (Web-

Health and social care unit 7 Essay Example for Free

Health and social care unit 7 Essay Behaviourist approach, people believe that behaviour has been learned when we are younger and effects us later on in life e.g. if a child is too strictly potty trained then may effect them later on in life, and could have OCD Freud believed this. Classical conditioning is a theory discovered by Pavlov a Russian physiologist he worked on dogs and the digestive system before this study people believed that saliva was produced when food in in the mouth but then Pavlov found out it happened when the dog saw the food, possibly smelling the food. Pavlov used classical conditioning, his experiment was used with a dog. When the bell rings the dog doesnt do anything until after a while Pavlov gives the dog a treat every time the bell is rung so every time the bell rings now the dog will start salivating. This is how systematic desensitisation works, people associate a fear or a phobia by something they may of seen the say that an accident may have occurred causing the phobia e.g. if a man had a car accident and the car that crashed in to him was blue, the man may have a fear of blue now because of this (the dog learning that food comes with the ring of the bell) psychologists can help this by slowly showing the man that blue isnt scary by talking about the colour, seeing the word written on paper then seeing the colour and being comfortable with it, this is then cured of the fear this is called the Hierarchy of fear. This reaction cant be learned so he called this unconditioned response. This theory is what psychologists use to look at phobias, it shows that there is always something too set a behaviour off e.g. if something bad happened in your life and the most thing you remember is a poster on the wall or even a song you listened to that night, you could develop a phobia of that poster or song. The best way to help this is to find the cause and ask the patient to make a list of their worst fear about that phobia. This is where operant conditioning comes in, this is used to help peoples frame of mind, they use reinforcement techniques and create more appropriate behaviour. â€Å"Let’s say that at your house whenever someone flushes the toilet the shower gets crazy hot. After a while, you learn to jump out of the shower stream whenever you hear the toilet flush. A guest at your house won’t know that this happens, so she will jump out of the stream of water when it gets hot but not when the toilet flushes.† http://instruction.blackhawk.edu 20:39 18/12/12

21st Century Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alternatives to animal testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine you are walking down the cosmetics isle at your grocery store. While picking up some deodorant or toothpaste, have you ever stopped to think if your favorite product has been tested on animals? You probably haven’t, but the chances are very high that it has been. Two of the main reasons why companies continue to use animals to test their products are to determine possible dangers to human health and to avoid product liability suits, but now there are many reliable tests that can be conducted to determine the safety of products without the use of animals. To better understand this important issue I will discuss how animal testing began, what companies do and do not test products on animals, some alternatives to animal testing, and the awareness and prevention that demands our help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experimentation on live animals began as early as the 17th Century. Philosopher Jeremy Bentham rejected Philosopher Rene Descartes’ theory that animals are not able to reason and therefore do not feel pain. Bentham’s philosophy on animals was: â€Å" The question is not can they reason? Nor, can they talk? but, can they suffer? â€Å". The practice of testing cosmetics on...

Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) Essay

According to the documentation in Misunderstoodmind, â€Å"Math disabilities can arise at nearly any stage of a child’s scholastic development. While very little is known about the neurobiological or environmental causes of these problems, many experts attribute them to deficits in one or more of five different skill types†. These deficits can exist independently of one another or can occur in combination. All can impact a child’s ability to progress in mathematics. Many students, despite a good understanding of mathematical concepts are inconsistent at computing. They make errors because they misread signs or carry numbers incorrectly, or may not write numerals clearly enough or in the correct column. These students often struggle, especially in primary school, where basic computation and â€Å"right answers† are stressed. Often they end up in remedial classes, even though they might have a high level of potential for higher-level mathematical thinking. Electronic Learning (E-Learning) includes all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching, which are procedural in character and aim to effect of knowledge with reference to individual experience, practice, and knowledge of the learner. E-Learning is essentially the computer and network enable transfer of skills and knowledge. E-Learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer based learning, virtual education and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) refers to instruction or remediation presented on a computer. Many educational computer programs are available online and from computer stores and textbook companies. They enhance teacher instruction in several ways. Computer programs are interactive and can illustrate a concept through attractive animation, sound, and demonstration. They allow students to progress at their own pace and work individually or problem solve in a group. Computers provide immediate feedback, letting students know whether their answer is correct. If the answer is not correct, the program shows students how to correctly answer the question. Presented with this development, the proponents intend to propose to develop an Electronic Learning (E-Learning) in mathematics to the interest of the students of STI College Sta. Maria and helping them to make preschool mathematics more enjoyable and interesting. 1.2 Problem Statement 1.2.1 General Problem How will the proponents develop an Electronic Learning (E-Learning) in Mathematics subject for Pre-school of Parada Elementary School that will help the Pre-school students to learn in a fun way. 1.2.2 Specific Problem * How will the proponents create a system that can provide an effective lesson by integrating graphics, animation and sounds. The use of traditional teaching method to present the Mathematics subject causes boredom for the students on learning Mathematics. Students find it hard to learn and cope up with the traditional method of teaching. * How will the proponents incorporate subject outline based on the topics in Mathematics. Contradiction of lesson may occur if the system is not based on the school curriculum for mathematics. Without incorporating curriculum based Mathematics topics, certain school violations will be encountered by the proponents such as straying from the Mathematics curriculum of the school. * How will the proponents create a webpage wherein the student will be able to cope up with the lesson even if he/she fails to attend the class. There are students who sometimes fail to attend their classes in school. However, repeating the entire lesson discussed the other day is a problem. Those students who failed to attend are having hard time how they would cope of to the lesson and lectures. There are also circumstances wherein the teacher itself fails to attend the class. * How will the proponents create a security for the back-end of system that can prevent unauthorized access to the system. A security for the back-end is needed to prevent unauthorized person from accessing the system. Unauthorized person can modify the data of the system that can cause a system breakdown. 1.2 Proposed Research Project 1.2.1 General Objectives To develop an E-Learning in Mathematics for Pre-school of Parada Elementary School that will help the Pre-school students to learn in a fun way. 1.2.2 Specific Objectives * To create module that can provide an effective lesson by integrating graphics. With the use of different software’s and applications in developing system such as Dreamweaver, Adobe Photoshop for designing, Adobe FlashCS4 for animation, Audio editing software for the sounds and effects. * To be able to incorporate subject outline based on the topics in Mathematics. With the use of lesson plan and book that serves as a reference and guidelines for the proposed system it will avoid the contradiction between subject outline to the computerized tutorial system. * To create a website wherein the student will be able to cope up with the lesson even if he/she fails to attend the class. The proponents will create a lesson page that will include the lectures and discussion. This gives the student the privilege to cope up with the lesson. This also enables them to study in advance for a specific lesson in order for them to participate in the class. * To be able to create a security for the back-end of system that can prevent unauthorized access to the system. To prevent unauthorized person from accessing the system, the proponents will create a user level that can give access to authorized person only. In this way we will prevent unauthorized person in accessing information in the system. 1.2.3 Scope and Limitation The proposed system will focus on the subject Mathematics. This system will serve as a learning tool for the preschool that will help to increase the interest of the students in learning Mathematics. The whole scope of the system focuses on the outline based of the lesson. It is important that the system will not go far from the subject because the student will be confused in studying the lesson. The system is useful for instruction or remediation because it presents the problems that the student answers. The question can be in a form of multiple choices. If the answer is correct; the student is usually rewarded with a â€Å"Great Job!† or an animated response on the computer screen. If the answer is not correct, the computer will demonstrates the correct answer on the given problem in the exercises. The system is not intended to be a subject but intended for motivating the students in increasing their interest in this subject. The proposed system will not compute the grade of the student based on their score on the exercises. The system is especially made and best suited to the methods of teaching in Mathematics for Pre-school in Parada Elementary School and there will be no other incorporated subject. Main Page This is the first page of the system when the user opens the webpage. It is also called sometimes the ‘start page’. Open Button In order to enter to the next page of the system the user must click the open button. Back Button This button will take the user back to the previous page if he/she wants. Lesson Button This brings the user to the next page where has a chapter list. And this chapter list page link to the Lesson Page. Tutorial Button This button helps the user to view the tutorial videos. Exercises Button This is a button link to the exercises page. 1.3.4 Methodology The proponents will use the Fourth Generation Technique (4GT) in developing the system. The Fourth Generation Technique is based on NPL that is the Non- Procedural Language techniques. Based upon in the specifications made, the 4GT approaches uses various tools for the automatic generation of source codes. It is the vital tool which uses the NPL for Report generation, Database query, Manipulation of data, Interaction of screen, Definition, Generation of code, Spread Sheet capabilities, High level graphical capacity etc. The Fourth Generation Techniques Requirement Gathering Phase It is gathering information by interviewing the beneficiary and research through internet or recent thesis as reference. This is the first phase where used to gather information to complete the Electronic Learning for Parada Elementary School. This requires complete information to know ahead the purpose of making CAI and to know the entire possible problem that the proponents may face. In gathering data, the proponents went to Parada Elementary School to give the letter of recommendation straight to their principal and after the letter was given, the proponents explained the benefits that they can get from the proposed system to their school, to the student and teachers who are teaching mathematics in preschool. The proponents also made an interview with Mr. Narciso L. Dià ±o the School principal and Ms. Edlyn Gumafelix. The school gave information regarding the history of their school, total number of students and the proponents also asked for references that may help to build the system. Research was also done at the library of STI College Sta. Maria regarding the use of E-Learning for mathematics. Design / Strategy Phase Compiled information gathered from the interview and references. In this phase were able to plan, analyze and create a design for the proposed system. Through this by the use of the data gathered to plan and create a system. This is where the proponents create and explores to meet the requirements of the proposed system. The developers used PHP as the programming language, Adobe Photoshop for the design, images and environment of the system and Adobe Flash for the animation. Implementation using 4GL Start encoding of gathered data for the lessons tutorials and other content all gathered data to the system for the system to function and make sure that the specific objectives are met before testing phase begins. Implementation of all gathered information is needed to develop the proposed system. The proponents used the Dreamweaver/PHP to create a code and module for the system. Testing Once the software is implemented in machine executable form it will be tested to know some error or defects in function. In this phase, the proponents test the system if all the specified objectives are met. After the implementation the proponents test every function of the system to find out the flaws and problems in the system, also looked for things that could improve the system until not all the objectives are met and system problems are not resolve the proponents continue the testing and improvement of the proposed system. 3.0 Data Gathering Procedures and Output Data gathering is one of the most critical stages that must be performed. This is because the analysis of the current system will be based on the kind of the information gathered. In order to gather all the data necessary in the study, the proponents used several ways on collecting data. This helps the proponents to gather all the information needed in developing the system. Library research The proponents conducted group study to learn more about the proposed system. They found materials in the library that may help them. They used thesis documentation of the previews student for data comparison. Using the information they have gathered the proponents will increase their knowledge to build the proposed system. As a result, the proponents will now generate some ideas on how their own the system will be developed. Also they will use this information to create their own documentation. Internet research The proponents also conducted research in the World Wide Web. They used internet to do this kind of research that may help them in terms, methods and new technologies to build the proposed system. Also they research some tutorials that may improve their skills that will help them to finish the system. As a result the proponents use some information that is reliable and useful. They now have some tutorials to study from the web to create on animation for the proposed system. Interview The proponents also conducted interview to particular person of the school that helped them gain some information to finish the proposed system. As a result, the proponents now know what will be the flow of the system. Through this knowledge the proponents started developing the system. System development The proponents use the gathered information to create the proposed system. Although the development stage starts the proponents will continue gathering information that may contribute to the development of the system. The output of this development will satisfy the needs of the beneficiary. The proponents will create and effective system. 4.0 Documentation of the Current System Formal education started in 1902 with the Kartilya and the chapel as classroom. With a pioneer teacher were average pupils who had to be fetched into their homes. As time go by the people realized the need and importance of education. New ideas then generated and substantiated and the dream of a one room school house. Later on they took over greater strides in its march to progress and the one teacher barrio school became a complete primary school. The achievement motivated barrio folks through the dim days of war crisis marched into full development of its home industries. Poultry and garment factories cropped up and the increasingly marked progress gave way to the completion of an elementary school. That was 1947, when the rehabilitation, reconstruction and development were under done through the combined cooperative efforts of the barrio people and with the leadership of Head Teacher. It was at this period when intermediate building and additional rooms for primary classes were constructed. Parada Elementary School headed by Mr. Narciso L. Diňo. They are using the traditional approach of teaching using books, visual aids and interactive discussion of lessons inside the classroom. The teachers make use of the traditional method of teaching such as board, chalk, cartolina, chart, manila paper and cardboard as visual aids that takes a lot of time and effort that’s why the students were getting bored. There are 70 students in preschool and it is divided by two sections; the morning section and the afternoon section. The students meet five times a week and everyday they have a flag ceremony and exercise before they go to their designated room. Every student must go their designated room with the guidance of their respected adviser. When they arrive, the teacher checks the attendance. The teacher will finish the lesson according to the scope of the lesson plan. The teachers also conduct lectures, exercises and exam to further improve the knowledge of the students. There are five subjects for Preschool in Parada Elementary School these are Filipino, Exploring Math, Writing, Getting Smart to Language and Worksheets on Readiness Skills. They do not have a grading system. Instead of cards, they used a checklist for the attendance of the students. The student must know how to write their names and know how to count from one to ten before entering Pre-school. Online E-Learning in Mathematics for Pre-school is designed mainly to demonstrate concepts, instruct, and remediate student errors and misunderstandings in preschool. Some programs are useful for teaching basic skills in Math. Many entertaining computer mathematics games encourage students to learn while enjoying the experience. Other programs are useful for instruction or remediation because they present problems that the student answers. The online system will be beneficial for students in reviewing their lessons at home and it is also be beneficial in monitoring the status level of the students who understand the lesson.